Short answer: 8.5x11. Scaling at all would reduce relative output resolution (assuming the target output is 300dpi).
If the drawing is solid shapes (like a pen and ink), you could possibly auto-trace (or trace by hand) in Illustrator which results in a vector file which can be scaled to any size. (Vector files are resolution independent).
If the drawing has shades of grey or other gradient, or if the file has very fine stippling you should scan the original at a resolution that will scale directly to the target resolution. For instance. If you want to magnify the original at 200% in physical size on a device that runs at 300dpi, you should scan the original at 600dpi.
Please note that there is a TON of possible complications to this question and the above are very "rule of thumb".
If you can post more detail about the original artwork and target output device, we could probably come up with a more direct answer.
Good luck!