Hi Stephen, good to see you. I'm keeping this short as I have a baby screaming behind me.
Hi Christian, 5 days ago I would have only had a rough idea of what you mean... That all changed 4 days ago, so I now know exactly where you are coming from!
Can you offer your opinion why the RGB values in Acrobat 'output preview' are supplied as percentages. If I decide to save out from InDesign a mixed bag of RGB and CMYK to PDF/X-3 then why does one see strange % numbers instead of 0-255?
The Acrobat programming team would have to reply for a definitive answer. I don't like the % system for 8 bpc RGB either. I would speculate that the display system is independently following the approach used in say Adobe Lightroom...
Ink is easy, 0-100% values. Light expressed in bits per channel values is a little more complex.
The RGB world is not only 8 bpc/256 values. There is also 16 bpc (or in Adobe's case, 15bpc + 1 bit) and then there is also 32 bpc. Although one can display higher BPC values in the info palette in Photoshop - it is much easier for many people to deal with smaller numbers and % readings for higher bits are easier for the masses to work with. Adobe Lightroom further complicates the issue in that the internal working/editing space is linear gamma, while the info readings and histogram are displayed via an sRGB tone response curve - so the % readings for all RGB bit depths are "abstracted" and are not the same as when converted to a final gamma encoded RGB output profile (sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB etc).
I think that 32 bpc HDR and or video and software such as Adobe After Effects may also work with "normalised" data in the range of 0.0 to 1.0.
Anyway, back to Acrobat (I don't wish to confuse the issue or get sidetracked with Lightroom or other apps).
I see two basic options...do the math each time you need to double check an RGB value (multiply the reported RGB % value by 256, then optionally divide by 100) - or rasterize the entire PDF in Photoshop as RGB or extract the images from the PDF in Photoshop and check their values. This may not be needed all the time, most often one would be concerned with whites - are they really 255rgb/0%? Are blacks really solid 0rgb or 100%? Are neutrals really R=G=B or even values for each of the three channels?
Hope this helps,
Stephen Marsh