This is an issue a lot of print houses deal with on a regular basis. The problem is based on how "ink" is put on paper. In an offset press, a liquid (although very thick) ink is applied to paper through physical contact and slight pressure. The ink bonds to the paper at a fiber level and dies the paper. Once offset ink is dry, there should be no issues with a laser printer, unless the ink was unusually heavy on the paper. A laser printer uses dry toner "ink", which is applied to the paper by a drum and heated in a fuser. In the fuser the toner particles bond together and grip the paper particles on the surface, key word being surface. Toner has no penetration into the paper. When this toner is run through another laser printer, if the toner becomes hot enough again the toner particles will release from the paper and lift.
Now how often does this happen? It depends on the brand of copier, the type of toner, the type of paper, and the type of printer being used for the second pass. I know, lots of variables. Fuser temperatures inside copiers and printers can very widely, and this is what causes most peoples problems. B&W printers often get the hottest, and are the worst at destroying pre-printed laser. They also get jammed more easily. Color laser printers maintain a more uniform temperature, and often do better.
My recommendation is avoid running laser through laser. In my experience it can cause trouble. I do understand that there are times you need to do this based on small order quantities of fast turn around. As far as digital presses go, only a HP indigo can produce letterhead that rivals offset for re-print reliability. I know there are people here that would disagree with me on that fact, but I feel it to be accurate. However, an Indigo would set you back half a million easy.
If you must run laser letterhead, check with your supplier to see what the fusing temperature of the toner is, and tell your clients they must not exceed this when using in their hardware. In the past few years many companies have developed lower temperature toners to save energy, one of these being Xerox EA toner. If you run an EA toner through an older laser printer that fuses at 150F hotter, toner peel will occur.
Hope that helps you understand the problem alittle more. If you have further questions feel free to ask.